Mandeville Analysis

Defining â€Å"Vice† To understand Mandible's claim that society is vice-driven, one needs to loosely examine The Grumbling Hive which was later included in his larger work, The Fable of the Bees: OR, Private Vices, Public Benefits. Mandible starts off by describing â€Å"A Spacious Hive well stock's with Bees, That lived in Luxury and Ease† (Mandible, 1705, lines 1-2). He states they were a large colony with science and industry and a good government, evidenced by the fact that â€Å"They were not Slaves to Tyranny† (Mandible, 1 705, line 9).The bees worked hard at their trades, which served to make the society (the hive) thrive, but he observes that this was not without consequences. He notes hat although the hive worked hard and â€Å"Millions were employed† (Mandible, 1705, line 35), there was always a separate class or group that worked harder than the rest: â€Å"And some were damned to Scythes and Spades, And all those hard laborious Trades; Where willing Wretches daily sweat, And wear out Strength and Limbs to eat† (Mandible, 1 705, lines 41-44).He also notes that there is always a group of people who will take advantage of those hard workers for their own gain, and that this deceit was wide-spread and affected all groups and trades. As evidence, he points out that people filed needless assists; lawyers would delay hearings and pocket the retaining fees like burglars looking for the best way to break in; physicians valued money and power over the health and well-being of their patients and instead chose to study â€Å"Rules of Art†; the â€Å"Priests of Jove†, although eloquent,† . Al past Muster, that could hide Their Sloth, Lust, Avarice and Pride† (Mandible, 1705, lines 74, 85, 89-90); the Kings were cheated by those who served them, and even Lady Justice dropped her scales so she could grasp her bribe of gold. (Mandible, 1705, line 142). In this description of the flourishing hive, Mandibl e paints us a picture, not of a society flourishing from hard work, sweat, and â€Å"doing the right thing', but of a society getting ahead through tricks, deceit, and greed.This is the entire basis for his concept of ‘Vice†. We do nothing out of pure altruism. In Mandible's eyes, everything is driven by Our own self-interest, our need to fulfill our own wishes, Wants, and desires through selfishness, dishonesty and indulgence on luxury goods. In the Preface of his larger work, The Fable of the Bees: or, Private Vices, PublicBenefits, Mandible clarifies his position further when he states: † so they that examine into the Nature of Man, abstract from Art and Education, may observe, that what renders him a Sociable Animal, consists not in his desire or Company, Good-nature, Pity, Affability, and other Graces of a fair Outside; but that his vilest and most hateful Qualities are the most necessary Accomplishments to fit him for the largest, and, according to the World , the happiest and most flourishing Societies† (Mandible, 1714, p. ). Mandible's views were refuted by Adam Smith in his 1759 work, The Theory f Moral Sentiments when he stated: â€Å"Every thing, according to him, is luxury which exceeds what is absolutely necessary for the support of human nature, so that there is vice even in the use of a clean shirt, or of a convenient habitation† (Smith, 1 759, p. 506). It is Smith's view that there is no vice present or intended when our actions are â€Å"honorable and noble† (Smith, 1759, p. 501).However, even Smith, who was one of Mandible's biggest detractors, later admitted: â€Å"But how destructive sever, this system may appear, it could never have imposed upon so great a number of persons, nor eve occasioned so general an alarm among those who are the friends of better principles, had it not in some respects bordered upon the truth† (Smith, 1 759, p. 508), leaving us to believe that perhaps Mandible's concept (and consequence) of â€Å"vice† is actually true.The Products of â€Å"Vice† In Mandible's hive, the society and it's economy is driven by the vices of the bees. Their wishes, wants, and desires for â€Å"things† drive the production and consumption of these commodities. An increased demand for â€Å"things† will lead to more people working to produce those items, which will lead to a argue supply available to the populace (many times at a lower cost due to mass production), and an increased consumption of those items, which leads us back to higher demand, which equals more work, and so on.Mandible also goes on to say that there is a causal relationship between this â€Å"vice† and the ingenuity of the worker, which leads to prosperity even for the poorest members of the hive (society): â€Å"Thus Vice nursed Ingenuity, Which joined with Time; and Industry Had carry's Life's Conveniences, It's real Pleasures, Comforts, Ease, To such a Height, the very Poor Lived better than the Rich before; And nothing could be added more† (Mandible, 1705, lines 97-103).It is important to pause here a moment and point out that we are not discussing those items required to meet basic, day-to-day needs (food, clothing, and housing). We are discussing those items over and above the basics, I. E. : fine clothing, fancy furniture, and expensive food and drink (what he would call luxury items). This â€Å"conspicuous consumption† (a term first coined by Thorniest Evolve in his 1 899 book entitled, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of he Evolution of Institutions) still drives our economy today.A large portion of our population lives well above their means. They purchase houses many times larger than they need, drive vehicles marketed to â€Å"upscale† buyers interested in â€Å"brand identification†, and take out second mortgages they can't afford so they can purchase huge Class A motherhood they use on ce a year, or install a pool which sees limited usage, all because of this need to have the â€Å"things† that project a certain image or lifestyle. These luxury items and the markets they drive were huge in our current society, until the bottom fell outOf the market and everything came crashing down. In 2005, Carol Lloyd Of the San Francisco Chronicle noted: â€Å"In the U. S. , a trend in 1 sass toward large houses began, with the average size of a home doubling over the next 50 years. This trend has been compared to the increase in SUB purchases, also often a symbol of conspicuous consumption. People have purchased huge houses even at the expense of the size of their yard, the inability to save funds for retirement, or a greatly increased commute time, up to a couple of hours.Such large homes can also facilitate other forms of consumption, in roving extra storage space for vehicles, clothes, and other objects† (Lloyd, 2005). In The Theory of the Leisure Class, Evolv e argued that social honor was originally based on ownership of private property. In earlier times, wealth was seen as evidence of the instinct of workmanship, but more recently wealth itself is worthy of praise. Originally, the leisure class sought to demonstrate its wealth by not working. But as industrial society evolved, conspicuous consumption became the best way to demonstrate one's wealth.The leisure class is expected to consume the best in food, drink, shelter, argotic, services, ornaments, apparel, amusements, and so on, and because the leisure class stands at the top of this ranking system, it is incumbent on all classes that rank below them to follow their example (Evolve, 1899, Chi. 4). When Vice is Removed So what happens when â€Å"vice† is removed from society? In Mandible's â€Å"hive†, the bees eventually get tired of living in greed and injustice, so they call on Jove to bring virtue to their society. But, Oh ye Gods! What Consternation, How vast and sudden was the Alteration! In half an Hour, the Nation round, Meat fell a Penny in the Pound† (Mandible, 1 705, lines 242-245). Even the lawyers were affected in this new society: â€Å"The Bar was silent from that Day; For now the willing Debtors pay On which, since nothing less can thrive, Than Lawyers in an honest Hive† (Mandible, 1705, lines 250-251 256-257). Justice returned, physicians tended the ill, the clergy ministered, but yet, the hive was still collapsing.Virtue has been restored, but the society begins to self-destruct. With the drive for self-interest gone, economic development dies and the bees become lazy and unmotivated. The bees are now selling off â€Å"Stately Horses by whole sets; And Country Houses to pay Debts† (Mandible, 1705, lines 325-326); they are moving to other trades where they feel they can make a living, only to find that those trades are â€Å"o'er-stocked accordingly† (Mandible, 1 705, lines 342). Their lands and houses aren't worth what they paid for them, work is scarce, all, it seems is lost.So, they resolve to go about everyday life, living as simply as they can to get by: â€Å"And, when they paid the Tavern Score, Resolved to enter it no more† (Mandible, 1705, lines 357-358). The Haughty Chloe has to sell her furniture from the Indies, she goes longer before buying new clothes, and the rare fruits she previously enjoyed are now a thing of the past (Mandible, 1705, lines 367-381). It seems that by seeking honesty and virtue, the society destroyed itself. The bees start to abandon the hive.The few that remain take shelter in â€Å"a hollow tree, Blest with content and Honesty' (Mandible, 1705, lines 407-408), In the last part of the doggerel, Mandible presents ‘The MORAL†: â€Å"Then leave Complaints: Fools only strive To make a Great an honest Hive. Tendon the World's Conveniences, Be Famed in War, yet live in Ease Without great Vices, is a vain Utopia seated in the Brain. Fraud, Luxury, and Pride must live; Whilst we the Benefits receive† (Mandible, 1705, lines 409-416).Mandible commented in the preface to Fable Of the Bees that he wrote The Grumbling Hive â€Å"to show the Vileness of the Ingredients that all together compose the wholesome Mixture of a well-ordered Society†. He further stated that: â€Å"For the main Design of the Fable †¦ Is to she [show] the Impossibility of enjoying all the most elegant Comforts of Life that are to be met with in an industrious, lathe and powerful Nation, and at the same time be bless's with all the Virtue and Innocence that can be wished for in a Golden Age† (Mandible, 1714, p. ). We can apply this notion that vice is the foundation of national prosperity and happiness to the economic mess in the United States today. There came a point in our current economy that people began to realize they were in debt too deep. Many times, applications for credit were â€Å"doctored† so that a consumer could take out more credit than they could really afford. The result was that consumers over-extended and bought multitudes of ‘things† hey did not need and could not pay for in pursuit of â€Å"status†.Once this realization set in, people began to back away from the excesses of the previous decade: they spent less and tried to save more, they started to sell off their expensive purchases, and they tried to cut back, settling for the day- to-day items necessary to sustain life. Some economists say this sudden frugality actually made things worse, because when people stopped spending, the economy shriveled up. The price of land and houses plummeted, new building stopped, workers in all kinds of industries lost their bobs, factories closed, and the unemployment rate skyrocketed.People started defaulting on loans at an alarming rate. The market was flooded with used motor homes and people were stuck with houses they couldn't afford, but couldn't sell. Forec losures were (and still are) at an all-time high. It seems the American dream has vanished. While Mandible believed the ‘Vice† that causes us to buy â€Å"things† in excess is part of the downfall of the hive: â€Å"Great wealth and foreign treasure,† Mandible wrote, â€Å"will ever scorn to come among men unless you'll admit their inseparable companions, avarice and usury: where trade is considerable, fraud will intrude.To be at once well- bred and sincere is no less than a contradiction; and therefore while man advances in knowledge, and his manners are polished, we must expect to see at the same time his desires enlarged, his appetites refined, and his vices increased† (Mandible, 1714, p. 201 it is interesting to note that the Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Denmark and Norway) have remained relatively stable. In these countries â€Å"where many people pay 50% of their income in taxes† to support their high-benefit welfare system, these â⠂¬Å"systems eve been acting as stabilizers to their economies.If you lose your job in Sweden, you can expect to receive of your wages for the first 200 days of inactivity, up to 680 kronor (EYE) per day, dropping to 70% for the following 100 days. If you lose your job in Norway, you will receive 62% of your previous salary for up to two years† (Pouches', 2009). Kristin Halverson, Narrator's finance minister, states: â€Å"In these days, we see that a strong welfare state, together with free education and healthcare, has acted as a buffer that stabilizes the economy† (Pouches', 2009).Perhaps this is why the Scandinavian entries were affected much less than the United States during the recent recession. I doubt it's because Scandinavia is much less prone to Mandible's concept of';CE†. It is much more likely that in a country like the United States where the welfare state has such strong disapproval, the competitive, â€Å"get ahead at all costs† and â€Å"ke ep up with the Joneses† mentality of the American consumer is at fault. It is the â€Å"do anything, say anything† mentality that people are willing to employ to get what they want when they want it, whether they can afford it or not.

Fbs Nc2 Reviewer

FOOD AND BEVERAGE NCII REVIEWER Possible Questions for Oral Questioning What is 3 Bucket Method? ?  Washing ?  Rinsing ?  Sanitizing What is 3S? ?  Scrape ?  Segregate ?  Stack What is the basic function of food service attendant (bartender, receptionist, waiter or any other position)? How do you handle guest complaint? H- hear (listen and identify complaint) E – Empathize A- Apologize R – Respond (inform supervisor) T – Take action What are the types of food service? Explain each service.   America  Service or plated service – food is already prepared in the kitchen in individual plates with garnish and accompaniment and plate is served individually to guests ? Russian service or platter service – food is arranged in a platter and waiter serve the food from the platter to the guests plate using a tong ? French or gueridon service – chef or head waiter prepare the food on the table side with some showmanship. Gueridon service for it uses gueridon trolley ? Buffet Service- guests line up to get their food in the buffet table ? Banquet Service – for group of persons and with fixed price ?Family Service – food are prepared in the kitchen, placed in a platter and served in a platter on the table. ?  English Service – private dinner with fine dining set-up and typically with wine service ? Luriat Service – plate of food complete with rice, meat, vegetable and dessert/ plate with complete meal ? Apartment or Blue Plate Service – similar to family Service with difference in location as it is held in an apartment ? Tray Service – food is served with the use of a tray What are the examples of unsanitary/ sanitary practices? Differentiate American Service (Plated) from Russian Service (Platter).What are the common factors that need to be considered in putting up you own restaurant? ?  Capital/ Budget ?  Location ?  Target Market ?  Competitors ?  Manning â€⠀œ quality, trained staff ?  Knowledgeable about the Business ?  Food Costing ?  Safety and Sanitation of the Area ?  Requirements & Permits ?  Equipments ?  Product/ Source of Ingredients ?  Product Development Cite examples of the different areas of the restaurant. Tell something about the area. ?  Cashier's Area ?  Dining Area – where guests are seated to eat, ?  Dishwashing Area – where cutleries, dishes and other equipments are washed, rinsed and sanitized.It is placed inside the kitchen ? Food Preparation Area – aka kitchen ?  Dispatching Area ?  Bar Counter ?  Food Display Counter ?  Service Station or Side Stand What is restaurant? Types of restaurant. ?  Fine Dining ?  Coffee shop ?  Industrial, Student Canteen/ Cafeteria What are the procedures in fine dining? How do you rate your self 1-10 base, 10 as the highest, on your demonstration? Did you pass or fail? Why? What are the things needed in preparing the table for s ervice? ?  China ?  Glasses ?  Cloth ?  Cutleries What are the considerations when preparing the table for service?   Check equipment, check the table and then sanitize the table. How do you sanitize your hands? ?  Wash hands for 20 sec with sanitizer/ soap and water ?  Wash up to your elbow ?  Rinse hand thoroughly ?  Dry hands using single service towel or paper towels What are the qualification(s) of a good food service attendant? ?  Service-oriented, meaning you are knowledgeable of your job roles and functions. How do you check condition of the table (and utensils) prior to service? ?  Actual checking ?  Types of Kitchen ?  Cold – Salad, Dessert ?  Hot – Entree, Soup, AppetizerTIPS – FBS NC II Assessment TIPS 1. Check table, chair and utensils and other items for cracks, chips and stains  through actual checking. 2. All forks are placed on the left side, except for the cocktail fork. 3. Pull out unneeded cutleries and china and set-up the needed  base on the order of the guest. 4. When guests are already seated, approach the table within 30 seconds. 5. If tied up with other guest, approach and tell the guest you'll get to them in a few seconds. 6. Maintain positive attitude: a. Friendly but not familiar b. No handshake, no pat on the back c. Do not stare 7.Be calm, relaxed and focused on guest. 8. Keep voice on comfortable level, speak slowly. 9. Offer appealing suggestion or  suggestive selling  before, while and after dinner. 10. Describe menu to guest. Use words such as fresh, fluffy, hand whipped, light, popular, delicious, tender, juicy, homemade 11. When taking the order, code your check if guest is many. | | 12. When taking order of group, move around the table. 13. Do not talk over guest. 14. Repeat order, if not sure. 15. Take menu when leaving. 16. Do not touch the napkin or any other item, when still asking for permission. 7. Transfer food ASAP 18. When presenting the check/ bill, never a ssume and never ask who is paying. Put the check on the table face down. For 2 or more guests, place check in the middle of the table. 19. Do not cross median  when placing utensils and order of the guest. 20. For complaints, use your H-E-A-R-T! H- hear (listen and identify complaint) E – Empathize A- Apologize R – Respond (inform supervisor) T – Take action 21. Dispose leftover following the  3S (Scrape, Segregate, Stack) 22. When stocking: ?  Biggest to smallest ?  Do not stock too high ?  By 10s only   When clearing the dining area start with the cruet set, then silverwares, chinaware and finally the water goblet. ?  When cutleries are touched in critical area, replace and apologize to the guest. ?  When guest ordered 2 salad/ soup/ appetizer/ entree/ beverage/ dessert, ask the guest which one do they prefer to be served first. ?  When serving the food/ beverage,  mention the name of the food/ beverage. Critical Mistakes in FBS: ?  Faili ng to Link ?  Serving the wrong food ?  Wrong cutlery set up ?  Failing to repeat order ?  No suggestive selling ?  Forgetting to give copy of receipt to guest   When cutleries are touched in critical area, replace and apologize to the guest. ?  Right side of the guest: ?  Beverages ?  Dishing out ?  Presentation of the Bill ?  Left side of the guest: ?  Presentation of menu list (hold menu list with left hand with the menu facing out) ? Taking orders ?  Delivery of food ?  On Fine Dining, no table napking wrapped around the pitcher. ?  Avoid transferring tray from one hand to the other to avoid accidents. ?  On Fine Dining, when guest did not order for soup nor salad get the table napkin and place on the left side of the guest and dish out the show plate.   On suggestive selling, start w/ main dish especially if asked â€Å"what is your specialty? † ?  Colored teapot – for black coffee White teapot – for hot water ?  Dishin g out, 3x only: ?  Cruet set ?  Plates and cutleries ?  Water goblet ?  Mese-en-place in 5 minutes only ?  During set-up/ mese-en-place, 4 deliveries only: ?  Cruet set ?  Cutleries and bread plate (6 pcs) ?  Show plate and folded napkin ?  Water goblet ?  In room service, on the trolley ?  First Layer (Top): o  Cruet set o  Paper napkin holder w/ paper napkin o  Toothpick o  Water goblet w/ cover o  Collin glass w/ cover   (Bottled water) o  Water container/ pitcher o  Teapot o  Cup and saucer o  Extra table napkin o  Cutleries covered w/ table napkin o  Food w/ cover (if space is enough) ?  Second Layer o  Bill tray Third Layer o  Table cloth o  Sanitizing agent and wiping cloth ?  In room service, do not give copy of receipt if guest paid using ‘charged to room†. Just let the guest sign the receipt. ?  In room service, if guest ordered for bread place the butter spreader next to the dinner fork. ?  In suggest ive selling (room service), do not ask questions answerable by â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no. † e. g.We serve fresh fruits like orange, apple, mango. ?  In room service: ?  Suggestive selling ?  Additional request ?  Good for how many†¦. then repeat order ?  When wiping table, counter clockwise direction. ?  In Fine Dining, when guest have no reservation and paid thru signing privilege do not forget to get the name of the guest and the name of the company and its address. Verify at the counter. ?  In fine dining, when guest ordered for additional rice place it in the bread plate and place on the bread plate position. ?  Leave on the trolley, place the food and beverage according to proper clocking.Table Skirting Tips: ?  Be playful with colors. Careful some colors do not go well. ?  Communicate with your supervisor, caterer and clients. ?  Cater or follow your guest specifications and wants. ?  Typically, the presidential and buffet table are the only table with skirting. Food and Beverage Services (FBS) NC II Free Reviewer Types of Services Banquet (Bukcet) Service †¢ For group of person †¢ Fixed price †¢ e. g. typical function Family Service †¢ Food are prepared in the kitchen and served in platter in the table †¢ Started by head of the family English Service Private dinner †¢ Typical private dinner †¢ Fine dining set-up †¢ w/ Wine service Luriat Service †¢ A plate with rice, meat, vegetable & dessert †¢ Big plate with complete meal Apartment/ Blue Plate Service †¢ Similar with family service, difference is location †¢ Located in apartment Tray Service Types of Menu 1. A la Carte – combo meal 2. Table d' Hote – Specific Menu w/ specific price Classes of Menu 1. Special party – e. g. weddings, baptismal 2. Cycle – preparation of food is combination of lunch and dinner Menu Functions 1. Breakfast 2. Morning/ A. M. Snack 3.Brunch (Breakfas t + Lunch) 4. Lunch 5. Afternoon/ P. M. Snack (2 – 3 P. M. ) 6. Merienda Cena (5 P. M. ) 7. Dinner 8. Midnight Snack Food Sequence 1. Appetizer 2. Soup 3. Salad 4. Main Course/ Entree 5. Dessert 6. Beverages Silverwares: Spoon SPOONS †¢ Sugar spoon – a piece of cutlery used for serving granulated sugar. This type of spoon resembles a teaspoon except that the bowl is deeper and often molded in the shape of a sea shell, giving it the name sugar shell. Sugar spoons are sometimes called â€Å"sugar shovels† because of their rectangular shape and deep bowl.   Ice Cream Spoon †¢ Dessert spoon — intermediate in size between a teaspoon and a tablespoon, used in eating dessert and sometimes soup or cereals. †¢ Teaspoon — small, suitable for stirring and sipping tea or coffee, standard capacity one third of a tablespoon. Examples: o Grapefruit spoon or orange spoon — tapers to a sharp point or teeth, used for citrus fruits and melons o iced tea spoon/ Long tea spoon — with a very long handle †¢ Soup spoon — with a large or rounded bowl for eating soup. Example: o cream-soup spoon — round-bowled, slightly shorter than a standard soup spoon Dinner spoon †¢ Table spoon Silverware: Forks ?  Cocktail fork –  A small fork resembling a trident, used for spearing cocktail garnishes such as olives. ?  Cake fork ?  Tea fork ?  Escargot –  or snail fork is a two-pronged small fork used to eat escargot or snails, a French delicacy. ?  Dessert fork –  a fork used for eating certain desserts, usually somewhat smaller than a dinner fork. ?  Fish fork ?  Salad fork –  Similar to a regular fork, but may be shorter, or have one of the outer tines shaped differently. ?  Dinner fork ?  Table fork Silverwares: Knives   Bread and butter spreader ?  Salad knife ?  Dinner knife ?  Cocktail / Fish knife Types of Chinaware According to Material U sed 1. Melamine (Plastic) 2. Ceramic (Clay) 3. Porcelain 4. Transparent Glass Chinaware ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Show Plate/ Underliner –  11 – 12  Ã‚  inches in diameter, underline for starters ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dinner Plate –  11 inches in diameter, for main course like steaks, Continental/ American breakfast, plated foods ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Soup bowl –  9 – 10 inches in diameter, container for cream soup,  (used for thick soup with underliner)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fish Plate –  9 inches in diameter for fish appetizers like smoked salmon, tanguigue, chef plate, sushi, sashimi and etc. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Salad Plate and Salad Bowl –à ‚  8-8. 5 inches in diameter, container/underliner for vegetable or fruit salad ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dessert Plate –  6. 5 – 7 inches ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bread Plate –  7. 5 inches in diameter for bread and butter served on the side of the cover ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bouillon or Consomme Cup –  container for clear soup like beef consomme, clear vegetable soup and etc. ,  (used for serving clear soup e. g. inigang) ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sauce Boat ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monkey Dish –  container for sauces like gravy, tempura sauce, etc. and SOY  DISH  for kikkoman/ soy sauce, calamansi, pati, vinegar (for serving dipping sauce/ sawsawan) ?  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Demitasse saucer and cup –  4 inches in diameter, underline for demitasse cup, usually used for cafe  espresso and hot chocolate ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cup ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Saucer –  6 inches in diameter, used for coffee underliner, maybe used also for dessert ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cereal Bowl –  container for cereals like arroz caldo, oats and etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cruet Set* –  vase with salt and pepper shaker ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bell* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Egg cup holder* –  for containing hard boiled e ggs ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tea Ball* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coaster –  stainless is used as cover and wood or plastic as underliner* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napkin* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Food Cover* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bill Holder* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oval Plate ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pitcher –  either stainless or glass, when used to serve water it should have a napkin* ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Teapot ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coffee Pot –  b igger than the teapotTypes of Glasses ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tumbler ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Footed ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stem –  For serving wine and cocktails. They all have a long stem that you hold to drink the liquid inside so that the temperature of your hand on the bowl of the glass won’t warm or affect the temperature of the drink. These include: 1. Champagne flute glasses. This type of drink glass has a long stem and a long narrow bowl. 2. Cocktail glass. This is often called a martini glass. The bowl is triangular in shape so that it almost forms a right angle from the tip of the cone to the cross section of the bowl. . Sherry glass. This drink glass has a stem for holding but the bowl of the glass is rounder and larger than the typical types of stemware. The standard size is one that holds about 4 ounces of s herry or wine. 4. Snifter. This is a balloon shape wine glass in which the bowl is narrower at the top than at the bottom. It is mostly used for serving brandy. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mug Glasses 1. Parfait glass/ Sundae This glass has a similar inwards curve to that of a hurricane glass, with a steeper outwards rim and larger, rounded bowl. Often used for drinks containing fruit or ice cream.Typical Size: 12 oz. 2. Cocktail glass/ Martini Glass This glass has a triangle-bowl design with a long stem, and is used for a wide range of straight-up (without ice) cocktails, including martinis, manhattans, metropolitans, and gimlets. Also known as a martini glass. Typical Size: 4-12 oz. 3. Sherbet  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ used for ice cream 4. Margarita/coupette glass This slightly larger and rounded approach to a cocktail glass has a broad-rim for holding salt, ideal for margarita's. It is also used in daiquiris and other fruit drinks. Typical Size: 12 oz. 5. Cordial glassSmall and stemmed glasses used for serving small portions of your favourite liquors at times such as after a meal. Typical Size: 2 oz. 7. Shot glass A small glass suitable for vodka, whiskey and other liquors. Many â€Å"shot† mixed drinks also call for shot glasses. Typical Size: 1. 5 oz. 8. Water Goblet/ Banquet Goblet 9. Red wine glass A clear, thin, stemmed glass with a round bowl tapering inward at the rim. Typical Size: 8 oz. 10. Champagne flute This tulip shaped glass is designed to show off the waltzing bubbles of the wine as they brush against the side of the glass and spread out into a sparkling mousse.Typical Size: 6 oz. 11. White wine glass A clear, thin, stemmed glass with an elongated oval bowl tapering inward at the rim. Typical Size: 12. 5 oz. 12. Old-fashioned glass A short, round so called â€Å"rocks† glass, suitable for cocktails or liquor served on the rocks, or â€Å"with a splash†. Typical Size: 8-10 oz. 13. Highball g lass A straight-sided glass, often an elegant way to serve many types of mixed drinks, like those served on the rocks, shots, and mixer combined liquor drinks (ie. gin and tonic). Typical Size: 8-12 oz. 14. Collins glassShaped similarly to a highball glass, only taller, the collins glass was originally used for the line of collins gin drinks, and is now also commonly used for soft drinks, alcoholic juice, and tropical/exotic juices such as Mai Tai's. Typical Size: 14 oz. 15. Beer mug The traditional beer container. Typical Size: 16 oz. 16. Brandy snifter The shape of this glass concentrates the alcoholic odors to the top of the glass as your hands warm the brandy. Typical Size: 17. 5 oz. 17. Coffee mug The traditional mug used for hot coffee. Typical Size: 12-16 oz. 18. Hurricane glassA tall, elegantly cut glass named after it's hurricane-lamp-like shape, used for exotic/tropical drinks. Typical Size: 15 oz. 19. Pousse-cafe glass A narrow glass essentially used for pousse caf? s and other layered dessert drinks. It's shape increases the ease of layering ingredients. Typical Size: 6 oz. 20. Sherry glass The preferred glass for aperitifs, ports, and sherry. The copita, with it's aroma enhancing narrow taper, is a type of sherry glass. Typical Size: 2 oz. 21. Whiskey sour glass Also known as a delmonico glass, this is a stemmed, wide opening glass, alike to a small version of a champagne flute.Typical Size: 5 oz. Types of Beverages ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Non-Alcoholic: 1. Water 2. Juice 3. Coffee 4. Tea ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcoholic ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spirits 3 Bucket Method 1. Washing 2. Rinsing 3. Sanitizing Napkin Folds 1. Fleur de Leis Fan 2. Birds of Paradise 3. Japanese Princess 4. Cardinal 5. Waiter's Jacket 6. The Candlestick 7. Double Candlestick 8. Candle Fan 9. Japanese Fan 10. French Fan 11. The Bat 12. Plain Fold 13. Sea Breeze 14. Flute 15. Star 16. Pyramid 17. Four Candle 18. Lotus/ water Lily 19. Cutlery Holder 20. Pineapple 21. Peacock 22. Bishop's Hat/ Mitre 3. Blossom 24. Candy 25. Cross 26. Candle with Flame 27. Small Candle with Flame 28. Petticoat Tail 29. Snail (Star with fold above) 30. Portfolio 31. Maria Clara 32. Cross Row 33. French Fold 34. Picnic Pocket 35. Rose Twirl 36. Square Dance 37. Lady Dress 38. T-shirt 39. Cat's Paw 40. Deco Bar Items ? Wine Bucket ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shaker 2 Types: o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Boston  Type (Body, Strainer, Cap) o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Glass ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bottle and Wine Opener ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chopping Board –  used for garnishing ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Knife ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fruit Picker   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jigger –  used for measuring liquors and liqueurs ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tong ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bar Strainer ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bar Spoon (with/ fruit picker) ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Muddler –  used for crushing fruits ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Baller –  used for garnishing ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ice Scooper ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ice Pick –  used for cracking ice ?  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Can Opening ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lime Squeezer ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pour Spout Basic Set-Up Skills 1. Polishing silverware ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moist linen ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do not leave finger print 2. Placing silver/ utensils   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hold silverwares on the sides with thumb and index finger supported in the middle by the middle finger ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Napkin Folding ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Water Serving ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3/4s of goblet only, about an inch from the rim ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Food Placement: ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Serving Food: Order of Service: a. Women served first, oldest to youngest b. Men served next, oldest to youngest c. Serve food counterclockwise using left hand and on left side of guest d. Serve beverage clockwise using right hand on the right side of the guest ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Placement of Glasses

Cricket Spectacle to Help Spur the Bangladesh Economy

India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh are co-hosting one of the biggest spectacles of the world- ICC Cricket World Cup, 2011. There is indeed a thrilling atmosphere going on, in these three countries, but this thrilling moment adds an enormous sensation in Bangladesh as it is going to be the host for such a mega event for the first time ever in the history. Question is what we look from this event. Is this just like a sporting event that should be organised with perfection only, or we try to capitalise this event to add a dimension in our country that would help us place ourselves in far better position? Undeniably such a mega event like the world cup crocket can make a significant impact on local economy and could also have a positive effect in society, which beyond any doubt Bangladesh needs to pursue. We simply cannot let this moments go away; this is the moment through which we can exalt our overall image and can surely elevate country's economy. A successful organisation of the world cup would mean a lot to Bangladesh and it would give it a great exposure. The Bangladesh economy, through this mega event, would have a positive impact and the organisers need to make sure that they do not lose this opportunity. Enhancing the name value of the region should be a major incentive for localities hosting either World Cup games or training camps. Through this world cup, we would be able to reroute global tourist flows and would be able to establish new places as tourist destinations. For those people who would be in Bangladesh to watch the world cup matches, our goal would be to show the potentialities of our countries to them. There would be many investors from around the globe here during this event and if we could have a proper exposition of our country, they would be more than happy to come back here with their businesses in Bangladesh. We must see this world cup cricket as a worthwhile endeavour for corporate sponsors and media companies, or the local organisers and the economies of the venue cities. It would be the time when Bangladeshi TV channels can show their potentialities to be awarded the rights in future to telecast some cricket events exclusively. Representatives from giant companies like Adidas, Nike, Pepsi, Coca-Cola, Emirates, and so on would be here during the world cup and the successful completion of this event would help them to understand the potentialities of Bangladesh market; these companies would sponsor Bangladesh cricket officially in future that would anyway impact the Bangladesh economy in a very constructive way. Since such a mega event is going to take place in Bangladesh for the first time ever, people would be keener to watch if Bangladesh successfully synchronises every step of this world cup event. A successful completion of this event would have greater upbeat effects on revenue generation, infrastructure legacy, and, in the longer term, on tourism and economic activity through media spotlight and return visits. Through this event Bangladesh must aim at longer-term beneficial effects, additional to direct expenditure which this event would definitely involve. Hypothetically it would occur through both return visit by the spectators and more importantly, through the increased investment and tourism activity that such an exposition brings. Studies on the propensity of visitors to major events to return to the host region have shown a pragmatic, if not staggering effect. Not only in the economic area, the event would also have a positive effect on society as well. One famous sociologist defined mega-events as ‘large scale cultural events' of mass popular appeal and international importance which are typically stage-managed by a combination of national governmental and international nongovernmental actors. Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium could be the center-piece of not only cricketing events, but also of hosting of other international events, since it has been renovated with lots of facilities that could attract many people to use it for many international events. This could be the time when Bangladesh might offer Pakistan to arrange international cricket in Dhaka as their home ground, instead of going to the UAE or England. Right before starting this event, Bangladesh could establish an internet site to market the host region for this spectacle. This internet site could represent Bangladesh in various ways and can show the potentialities of this country. The inauguration of such a site, especially at this moment, would amplify the momentum of our country. The whole world would be looking at Bangladesh and we have got to make sure to utilize every bit of it. Mega-events such as the World Cup Cricket should be utilised by dominant forces in society to convey particular world views of the present and memories of the past. This world cup will bear out the close relationship between mega-events and the globalisation process: such events are concurrently driven by globalization, and promote globalisation. This spectacle has such promising aspects through which our economy can be boosted to a greater magnitude. Organising such an event means the capabilities of doing something different, which Bangladesh must realize and must utilize this momentum. There will be people watching this spectacle not in stadiums only, but people from all around the globe will be watching this event from their homes. Bangladesh has just got a huge opportunity to get closer to millions of people through which the image of our country would be elevated. It will, thus, give an opportunity to Bangladesh to change the momentum of its economy.

How to Go Green Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How to Go Green - Research Paper Example This discussion outlines that it’s not easy being green however, there are many strategies that businesses can adopt to become environment friendly. In order to go green, the business executives should understand the aspects such as pollution of land, water and air; global warming; biodiversity; chemical and nuclear spills; waste disposal; deforestation and desertification. There has been always a conflict between business and ethics therefore, most of the times leaders face difficulties in choosing the business decisions that may fit between the businesses profitability and ethics. In the previous years, business owners did not think about the environment whilst making business decisions, unless, there was some regulation that restricted the specific business strategy. In short, business runners have been neither motivated nor dispirited to consider the environmental concerns seriously. The situation has changed now because the increasing corporate social responsibility of th e organizations is becoming a competitive advantage for the businesses. This paper describes the history of green business and increasing awareness of the companies to go green. Through the examples of the companies, it discusses the practices and programs through which businesses can go green. Apart from that, it also evaluates the importance of the concepts of business ethics in enforcing the businesses to go green.

The Song of the Hummingbird Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Song of the Hummingbird - Essay Example According to the discussion  in 1519, a small group Spaniard soldiers led by Hernan Cortes docked on the Mexican Vera Cruz coastline. By mid-August 1521, the capital city of the Mexican empire had fallen to the hands of the Spaniards. This dramatic milestone signified the start of one the globes most famous holocausts. However, this comprehensive destroying of an entire civilization was not conducted through military conquest alone. In 1524, at the invitation by Hernan Cortes for 12 Franciscan monks guided by Fray Toribio arrived in Vera Cruz and journeyed bare footed up to Mexico City. By this time, Hernan Cortes and his other men, had conquered almost the entire of Mexico, but was being affected becoming more and more weak with Cortes’ chase of a rogue army personnel in the north of the nation; only 200 Spaniards gathered together in Mexico city fighting against each other with other Mexican masses keenly waiting for a chance to defeat these new settlers.From this paper it is clear that  Mexicans totally lost their religion to the Spaniards. As a mere consolation, by wiping out the heart and soul of the religious civilization of the Mexican culture, the Spanish church leaders declared ownership of all Mexican people and as such turned into the mask of the Mexican citizens against the carnages done by the Spanish in the name of monetary gain.  This only shows that apart from destroy their past religion, the Spaniards also forced the Mexicans into Christianity.

Global strategy of Netflix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global strategy of Netflix - Essay Example An evaluation of the environment of Netflix’s business is essential in order to undertake suitable strategies for the growth of internet based entertainment services of Netflix. Netflix’s business required the company to expand to international markets to take advantage of the change in lifestyle and entertainment of the households. The political environment and the state laws were important considerations for Netflix as they had to acquire licenses from the owners of TV shows as well as movie studios for streaming their services through the internet. The environment in the industry underwent technological advancement as increasing number of electronic devices like the cables; fiber optics appeared in the stores. This allowed the households to connect the internet to the household TVs for the purpose of viewing. The social changes also showed inclination of the customers towards easy access to the streaming movies and TV shows on the internet rather and reduced the crow d of the theaters (Fitzroy and Herbert, 2007, p.47). The internet based entertainment industry witnessed intense rivalry between the several players as they launched their services on unlimited streaming of videos, TV shows and movies to be watched by the customers. Netflix had to adopt business strategies keeping their competitive position in mind. There were new entrants in the industry looking to capture the market. Hulu Plus, Amazon Instant Video are the products of the new entrants that challenged the business of Netflix with similar services.

Kurdish People in New Turkish Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kurdish People in New Turkish Cinema - Essay Example The neo-realistic style is appropriate because the plight of Kurds is real. The films are good in terms of Kurdish culture, landscape and the vision of the Kurds. The movies praise the Kurd’s lifestyle, as it is by a Kurdish for Kurdish people. They are written and spoken in Kurdish language, thus unique as few films take Kurds as a subject matter and use the language too. International attention has also been drawn in the movies. The movies represent all aspects of Kurdish; the climate, the landscape, dressing code, behaviors, and culture in their land. The Kurds have used plays, music and films in the recent past to express themselves. The changing status of women representation in Turkey society, the effect of internal and external people and the East-West tug of war on Turkey through; faith, economics, politics, and so forth. The government has also allowed the teaching of Kurdish language in private universities. National cinema and Turkish filmmaking has received little English language attention as language equals to identity, and it is the root of any culture. Plays and art have been made to make the culture of Kurdish identified. Turkish cinema has gone under some renascence of late which gives various identities of a Turkish cinema. In Turkey, the language is mainly the contentious feature of Kurdish films. Kurdish directors have made Kurdish themed films yet it is not the official language in Turkey. In Turkey the films have shown that they can be formed and awarded. The movies â€Å"I saw the sun† and â€Å"The Breath† begins at the beginning just like many other movies. In the beginning where Muslim women could not be actors, non-Muslims minorities assumed the female role. Attention is given to women representation in film production. Directors and crew members are from Kurds who are minority and do not normally receive acknowledgement, making them to hide or down play their origins yet they have played a large role in the cinema (Mackenzie, 119). The movies appeal against discrimination and prejudice. There can be various reasons for the rise in Kurdish Cinema. International success can be classified as one of them, as they represent the lives of Kurdish people. It motivates young Kurdish people to engage in cinema and has turned into a way of self-description and liberation. This has made many young people to get film education at the university. The existence of Kurdish themed cinema started way back in 1960’s in Turkey . They portrayed eastern characters but it was only late in 2007 that it was portrayed as â€Å"Kurdish cinema†. This motivated a historical evaluation of cinematic production in Turkey by the definition of Kurdish cinema. The rise of Kurdish film directors and film critics has made the distinction between Turkish cinema and Kurdish cinema (Stanley, 276). Social issues in Turkish cinema have become a source of repression and difficult to solve. There is the issue of self-cencership and government censorship. The funding is also from European sources rather from the Turkish. The urbanization aspect has also threatened Kurdish culture as the use of mother tongue is a human rights violation thus; music, fairytales, lullabies and films from the villages are transferred from the heritage to new generations. The situation has changed considerably as there are Kurdish-language books, music, and some theatre troupe’s stage productions in Kurdish too. The films show how the Kur dish

Controversy Analysis and Rhetorical Analysis Essay

Controversy Analysis and Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example Thus, Geber states that â€Å"While the pioneers of these movements, though passionate for changes in what seemed like a redundant and hypocritical society, worked hard to bring about radical changes in cultures and religions the world over, proponents of the legalization feel that they are indeed the messiah to the Arizona population†. In this statement, figurative language is used as it combines both assonance and alliteration to express the thoughts of theses first campaigners of the legalization of Marijuana.  So, who quantifies or qualifies legalization or prohibition? The controversy is pretentious and shows a society that is not yet ready for a change. Thus, Geber states that â€Å"While the pioneers of these movements, though passionate for changes in what seemed like a redundant and hypocritical society, worked hard to bring about radical changes in cultures and religions the world over, proponents of the legalization feel that they are indeed the messiah to the Ar izona population†. In this statement, figurative language is used as it combines both assonance and alliteration to express the thoughts of theses first campaigners of the legalization of Marijuana.   Some people are of a different opinion. â€Å"For what seems to be strong political reasons, this will indeed not seem like a smart decision as it will pass for reckless policy bred out of ignorance and the indifference to the detrimental and profound effects it has on the youth and the general public safety†.

Marketing Plan for a Mobile Application Business Plan Coursework

Marketing Plan for a Mobile Application Business Plan - Coursework Example There is extensive requirement of a holistic time management applications in the market, which Personal Time Manager would be able to fulfill. It would be able to assist people to plan out their official and personal activities (Blythe, 2009). Apart from managing the office projects, the time management apps would be also helpful in tracking progress and reminding the user, whether his/ her daily goals are met or not. A single app capable of managing, tracking and reminding every detail would be surely a unique selling proposition (USP) for the company. Moreover, this app would be able to grab the customer base of those apps which do not have multiple usages. This section would be including a comprehensive analysis of the marketing plan for Personal Time Manager. Aspects like market segment, target customers, competitors, buyers, and strategies would be also included in the domain of this marketing plan. 5.1 Marketing Segmentation Market segmentation is a part of the marketing strate gy which assists in segregating the consumers in homogeneous groups based on their needs, preferences, and other criteria. Though there are many products for which segmentation is not required because these are manufactured for the mass, but in this case the product or service is a paid time management application for Smartphone users, such as for customers using Iphone, Android based phones, Mac or iPad. Segmenting the market would assist the company to choose and identify the segment that they want to target for their product or service. However, users of mobile applications can be segregated on the basis of their age, gender, income level, as well as usage (Brassington and Pettitt, 2007). The users or customers can be segregated on the basis of their income level, need for time management, and frequency of usage. Income level is considered because generally students do not prefer to buy apps for mobile phones. They rather download freeware from internet; while professional prefer to have paid services because they find them secure, original and convenient. Further, they also extensively require time management apps to fit in every function within scheduled time. The frequency of usage in such cases is high. Even companies buy such apps for their employees, and it is used consistently in the organizations for scheduling daily operational functions (Buono, and Savall, 2007). 5.2 Competitor Analysis The market of mobile applications is extremely competitive because there is abundant availability of mobile apps. Even when there are various freeware in the market, there is a wide user base for paid time management and productivity apps. In such a scenario, Personal time Manager will face difficulty in the market (Evans, Ahmad, and Foxall, 2009). Personal Time Manager would face competitors like Microsoft OneNote, SmartTime, Microsoft CloudOn, OmniFocus, SpringPad, Wunderlist 2, Google QuickOffice Pro HD, MediaFire, Astrid tasks, Google Docs, Evernote, Remember t he Milk, Any. DO, Toggl Online Timer, TeamWeek, Spotify, Checklist Wrangler, Shopper, Remind You, Things, and many more (Mobi Thinking, 2013). Most of these applications assist the mobile users to keep track of their time, tasks, documents and online files, but none of them can claim to be

Factors that cause shift in demand curve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Factors that cause shift in demand curve - Essay Example When the price of the bread increases to $70, the quantity demanded as a result decreases to 6 million or where the price decreases to $50 from $40 then the quantity demanded increases to 10 million. This phenomenon can be said to be the movement along the demand curve. The reason for the shift of the demand curve is due to the change in factors other than that of price, such as the change in price of the related goods, income of the consumer or preference of the consumer etc. An increase of decrease in these factors can shift the demand curve on either side as the price will remain the same. Two goods are said to be the substitute of each other when the price of one of the item causes the price of the other item to rise simultaneously or the goods are such identical to each other that a normal consumer may switch to the other good when the price of the prior rises. The customer expectation that the price of a good may increase of decrease can have affect on the demand curve as due t o the expected increase in price. The customer will tend to purchase and stock the particular good before the price rises and vice versa may happen when there is a possibility of decrease in price. The change in income of a consumer is one of the basic causes of the shift in the demand curve. When the income of the consumer increases he will switch to more luxury goods as compared to the normal goods, because of the increase in his purchasing power which provides a better margin to purchase more of a good.

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

Report - Essay Example This paper aims at discussing how the city of Barcelona has attempted to use events to pursue wider objectives in tourism. Rationale The tourism strategy in Barcelona aims at developing a tourism model that will ensure that a balance is maintained between the local residents and tourist. It also aims at maintaining the identity values of this particular city. One of the values that the strategy fights to keep is the rich culture. It also maintains the values that make it attracting all sorts of tourist ranging from those who are interested in sport events, cultural festivals, religious events, and many others. Background The city of Barcelona has on many occasions had a boost to its tourism industry as a result of international events. These events include the visit by Benedict the XVI, the Barcelona marathon, Formula 1 Gran Prix of Barcelona, the Aphrodite – Les Folies Tour, Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics, Barcelona Open, La Merce Festivity, and the champion league finals. Th ese events attracted thousands of visitors to the city of Barcelona and earned the city a lot of income. Benedict the XVI visit to Barcelona Pope Benedict XVI arrived in Barcelona on the 6th of November 2010. His mission to Barcelona was to preside over the consecration of Barcelona’s Cathedral La Sagrada Familia. During the visit, the Pope held a private meeting with the queen and king of Spain. The visit is believed to have generated a total income of about â‚ ¬ 39 million to the city of Barcelona as a result of the activities that took place during the visit. More than half of this income is believed to have come from the expenditures of the visitors whose main attraction to Barcelona was the Pope’s visit. The income came from business activities such as transport, accommodation, shopping, restaurants, and many others (Smith 2012, p. 201). This event also played a very important role in marketing Barcelona as a tourist destination. The visitors who came specifica lly for the pope’s visit must have noticed the very many tourist attractions in Barcelona. Barcelona Marathon The city of Barcelona hosted the Barcelona Marathon of 2013. The marathon took place on the 17th of March 2013. The competition involved athletes from all over the world. The Barcelona Marathon first took place in the year 1980, and its fame has grown gradually over the years. In the year 2012 16, 743 athletes were registered for the marathon. During this marathon, city always gets lots of visitors who either come to participate in the event or just witness the event. Apart from being a tourist attraction by itself, it also helps allot in creating global awareness of the other tourist attractions in the city of Barcelona. Formula 1 Gran Prix Barcelona 2013 The city of Barcelona hosted the fifth Formula 1 Grand Prix of the season. These events took place in between the 10th and 12th of May 2013. During this event, the city received a lot of visitors from all over the w orld. Most of them were people who came specifically to experience the formula 1 event (Chalip and McGuirty2004, p. 272). This can mean that it generally increased the number of visitors that the city hosted in that year. This would mean that they also had an extra income because of this event. Other businesses such as accommodation and restaurants also benefited from this event. Income was also earned through the sales of tickets. Kylie Minogue in Barcelona Kylie Minogue is an internationally known

Sunny Grove Police Essay Example for Free

Sunny Grove Police Essay INTRODUCTION I have just taken command of the Sunny Grove police department. The department is riddled with various organizational issues ranging from theft to poor records management. I am responsible for leading a vigorous turn-around within the organizational culture and transforming the department from its currently underperforming state of operations to a respected department within the state in minimum time. OVERVIEW There is a list of issues the Sunny Grove Police Department (SGPD) has suffered from under its previous leadership. Among the list of issues includes a lack of ethical behavior, poor organizational control, and a seemingly absent set of enforced disciplinary measures. Quality control measures seem to be lacking department wide, and if they are present, they certainly have not been enforced with the rigor and swiftness they ought to be. These problems have created a lax, seemingly care-free organizational culture within the department which is made evident by the poor overall performance of the SGPD when racked-and-stacked amongst other police departments in the state. While impossible to list all the underlying problems occurring within the SGPD in the case report, it is probably very safe to assume that this is department in near shambles and it will require some extreme measures to get it operating back within acceptable parameters. INSTITUTING BUREAUCRATIC CONTROLS When bureaucratic-type controls are overused, they can have a tendency to weight the organization down, slowing productivity, and hindering effectiveness. Depending on the type of organization, instituting bureaucratic controls outside of the basic company policies and standard operating procedures can be quite a detriment; however, in organizations such as a Police Department, such controls are necessary to maintain good order as well as safe and effective operations. The term bureaucratic itself implies regulation and its the first thing we think of when we think  of a governmental agency. A Police Department is no Pixar Animation Studios—creative thinking on a whim can have serious implications to the justice system in general and so formal rules and standards must be implemented and strictly adhered to. It’s obvious that whatever the rules, regulations, and policies are for the SGPD, they aren’t being followed to the degree they need to be. This could be attributed to a number of reasons: quality control policies don’t exist; rules, regulations, and polices are not being enforced or are not known; rules, regulations, and policies exist but are inadequate; senior management has failed to properly convey the policies as well as the importance of having them; and information reporting systems are inadequate or ineffective. Without having more detailed information from the case study, I’d have to assume only that many if not all of these attributes are causal for the current state of affairs within the department. Rules and regulations must have been pre-existing, especially for a governmental agency. Special department created policies may also have been pre-existing but perhaps they were either insufficient or lacked the depth and scope required. In any case, I have to assume the regulations were both known by management and employee, and that there isn’t question as what those regulations are. As a governmental agency, these rules and regulations define the industry within which the agency exists in the first place. My role will not be to create bureaucratic regulations with the exception of perhaps evaluating internal policies for effectiveness and maybe creating a few new ones to help bring certain practices through a more closely watched quality control â€Å"checks-and-balances† process. Instead, my role will be to undergo an intensive control cycle quality check within all the various departments inside the SGPD. Setting the standards for performance and ensuring those standards are well communicated. Each department will undergo a rigorous initial performance review and analysis and later evaluated to determine effectiveness. From here, the necessary steps will include correcting errors as well as areas of deficient performance. Discipline is clearly an issue within the SGPD and so  disciplinary action for failing to meet the instituted standards will finally be enforced. Those not meeting expectations must be dealt with in an appropriate manner, even if it includes termination. In addition, it will be critically important for me to create a climate which encourages the sharing of feedback both up and down the chain of command within the department. Strengthening the mutual respect between members of the SGPD will play a large role in helping to turn around the present culture. Changing the culture of an organization is not an easy task, and this control cycle will have to be revisited frequently until the culture returns to acceptable norms and then the pressure can be reduced slightly. INSTITUTING MARKET CONTROLS Market controls in general have no place within the SGPD with the exception of looking at the â€Å"market† as the high crime areas within the jurisdiction of the department. Crime in itself is market driven in the traditional sense of supply and demand. To reduce the supply, you have to reduce the demand. Statistical data should show the areas within the SGPD jurisdiction which can be considered high crime areas. A more hand’s on approach to collecting and evaluating this data can lead to a change in how the SGPD does business. An obvious way to reduce demand, is for the SGPD to be more present in those areas—being more involved within those communities, strengthening ties, and increasing patrols will help reduce demand. These types of market controls will help improve the performance of the SGPD, and if controls of this nature are not already in place, this is certainly an area I would be quick to implement change in. INSTITUTING CLAN CONTROLS While heavy bureaucratic controls will be the way of life for any governmental agency, it is important to not neglect the â€Å"human relations† aspect of management. Especially true for this particular police department where the culture is struggling, it will be very necessary to connect organizational values to every day tasks. Creating a vision that is shared among the entire department and frequently revisiting that vision will help  to cement expectations, beliefs, and values. Obviously, communication is a key component of directing change and it will be vital to continuously stress those things that are important to the success of the organization so that focus is never lost and confusion is never a component.

Cancer Stem Cells: Properties, Concepts and Models

Cancer Stem Cells: Properties, Concepts and Models Tumours are made up of a heterogeneous population of cells which are distinct in terms of their differentiation competencies, proliferative capabilities as well as functional properties. [A] The mechanisms responsible for such heterogeneity are the subject of research, and two models have been put forth in order to explain the phenomenon – Cancer stem cells (CSCs) and clonal evolution. [A] Cancer stem cells are a subset of the total population of cells in a tumour that have the ability to undergo self-renewal, as well as to differentiate into the different types of cells that comprise the tumour. [A] These CSCs are said to be responsible for tumorigenesis as well as for driving tumour growth. [U] Evidence supporting the existence of cancer stem cells Differences in clonogenicity among cancer cells were first documented in cases of leukaemia and multiple myeloma. It was found that 0.01 – 1% of the cells were capable of extensive proliferation, and able to establish colonies when grown in vitro (Park, C. H., Bergsagel, D. E. McCulloch, E. A. Mouse myeloma tumor stem cells: a primary cell culture assay. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 46, 411–422 (1971). Two possible explanations existed for this – either leukemic cells had a low overall capacity for proliferation, or only a definite subset of these cells were clonogenic. In 1994, John Dick and his group of researchers carried out a landmark study where CSCs were isolated from a mouse model that had been transplanted with human AML cells. [Z15] This was the first conclusive evidence for the existence of a subset of the leukaemia cells that were highly clonogenic, in comparison to the remaining cancer cells. It was later observed that a similar condition exists in the case of solid tumours, where only a small subset of the total cell population is tumorigenic. [G] Origins of cancer stem cells Several contradictory theories exist regarding the cellular origins of cancer stem cells. Some state that these cells are derived from normal stem cells that have acquired oncogenic mutations [G], others refute this with the claim that cancer stem cells can arise from a committed progenitor cell that has acquired the properties of a stem-cell during its cancerous transformation [Z1], while yet others suggest that these cells could arise as a result of a fusion event between a stem cell and a tumour cell. [N] The idea that cancers could arise from normal stem cells is highly plausible because not only do they continuously undergo divisions, but they are also long lived, allowing them to accumulate multiple mutations, as is required for a cancerous transformation. [B] Apart from the accumulation of mutations, the interaction of a cell with its local microenvironment also influences the tumorigenic process. Mouse leukaemia models have been able to provide evidence that given suitable niche conditions, a progenitor cell is capable of de-differentiating to form a CSC. [V] However, since most progenitor and mature cells have a relatively short life-span, it seems unlikely that will be able to acquire the oncogenic mutations required to render them tumorigenic. [I] Despite these explanations, the exact origin of most tumours and cancer stem cells remains unknown, and can only be speculated based on experimental findings. [A] Additionally, irrespective of the origin, the identification and isolation of CSCs in a tumour indicates that there exists a functional hierarchy exists within the tumour tissue. [L] Properties of cancer stem cells These cells can undergo symmetric as well as asymmetric divisions, which results in the expansion of the cancer stem cell population itself, as well as an increase in the number of differentiated cells that constitute the bulk of the tumour. [Z1] THE CANCER STEM CELL MODEL As previously mentioned, two models have been put forth to explain the heterogeneity of a tumour cell population. The first model is the CSC model, also known as the hierarchical model, which states that within a tumour, there exist different classes of cells and that the CSCs represent a biologically distinct subpopulation of cells that are capable of propagating the tumour. [C] It suggests that the characteristics of the cells within the tumour are intrinsically determined and therefore only certain cells possess the ability to undergo extensive proliferation to initiate tumour formation, these cells are called the CSCs; while the remaining cells are incapable of tumorigenisis. According to the CSC model, although most cancers arise from a group of cells that are genetically monoclonal in nature, the high level of tumour heterogeneity is a result of the interaction between cells that are in different states of differentiation after have initiated from a common precursor. [Z12] Evidence supporting this hypothesis emerges from the observation that though tumours may initially respond well to chemotherapy, there is often a case of relapse; which could occur due to the CSCs that persist post-treatment and are then able to re-initiate tumour formation. [Z13] There are, however, limitations to the CSC model; the first being that all studies that support it have only addressed the potential of the cells to proliferate and give rise to tumours, but not the actual fate. [D] Since the conditions applied to test the tumorigenic potential of these cells may vary considerably from the conditions experienced by the cells in vivo, we do not know which of these cells actually contribute to the establishment and growth of the primary tumour. It is also noteworthy that it has been found that if the population of cancer cells acquires an immense number of mutations and aberrations, then almost all of them begin to show stem-like properties. [C] In such a case, the CSC model becomes irrelevant. On the other hand, the stochastic model states that cells in a tumour are biologically equivalent, and that each cell has the ability to act as a CSC, given the right circumstances. A combination of intrinsic and extrinsic influences is said to determine the proliferative capacity and the ultimate fate of a cell. [C] Behaviour of a cell is therefore not pre-determined by intrinsic characters alone and tumour initiating cells cannot be enriched. It is however likely for both these paradigms to be observed in vivo, in different cancers. Some cancers may follow the CSC model, while others may not. Based on transplantation studies in mice, it has been found that only in a fraction of cases, does AML follow the CSC model while in others there is no evidence for the existence of a highly tumorigenic sub-population of cells that continue to display CSC activity upon serial propagation. [F] Therefore, although CSCs may be responsible for driving the growth of a majority of tumours and cancers, there are studies which indicate that certain malignancies may be sustained primarily by the bulk of the tumour cells. [F] IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION OF CANCER STEM CELLS Cancer stem cell assays Purification and enrichment techniques CSC markers CSCs in various cancers HETEROGENEITY IN CANCER STEM CELL POPULATIONS Based on the study of the CSC model, the question arises as to whether similar hierarchical subpopulations of tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic are observed in patients suffering from the same type of cancer; and whether these tumorigenic CSCs can be isolated based on conserved cell- surface markers. However it has been found that there are often phenotypic differences in CSCs even within the same cancer sub-type. [E] For example, though it has been found that the CD44+/CD24- population of breast cancer cells are generally tumorigenic, this is not universally the case and in certain cases, it has been found that cells of diverse phenotypes are able to act as CSCs. (Al-Hajj, M., Wicha, M.S., Benito-Hernandez, A., Morrison, S.J., and Clarke, M.F. (2003). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 3983–3988.) Similarly, in gliomas CD133 expression is not always associated with CSCs, and in certain instances CD133- cells have also been found to be tumorigenic. (Beier, D. et al. CD133+ and CD133– glioblastoma derived cancer stem cells show differential growth characteristics and molecular profiles. Cancer Res. 67, 4010–4015 (2007). Apart from the phenotype, the frequency of CSCs in a solid tumour or population of cancer cells is also variable. In melanomas, CSCs constitute anything between 1.6 to 20% of the total cells, while in the case of colorectal carcinomas, they represent between 1.8 to 24.5% of the cells. [A] Additionally, in general, the percentage of CSCs in solid tumours has been found to be significantly higher than the percentage of leukemic stem cells. [Z15] This heterogeneity has implications on the prognosis of the disease as well as the outcomes of various therapeutic interventions. It is envisioned that with the identification of more refined markers and improved methods for determination of CSC frequency, we may eventually be able to correlate the percentage of CSCs with the tumour grade and the outcome. [A]

Prevalence of Hepatitis B Among Medical Students

Prevalence of Hepatitis B Among Medical Students The prevalence of Hepatitis B among `medical students, Majmaah University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ABSTRACT Background: Medical students in the course of their clinical work are at risk of acquiring hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection or transmitting it to their patients. HBV immunization for medical students in Saudi Arabia is recommended but not strictly enforced. It is important to assess the prevalence of HBV infection in medical students in order to direct interventions and inform policy. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B among the medical students of Majmaah University; secondly to determine the relation of hepatitis B and the social factors; and thirdly to compare the relation of hepatitis B in different collages. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in 478 students of medical, dentistry and applied medical students in Majmaah University. Total enumeration of all students was done. A structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic data. The selected students underwent a blood test to detect HBsAg. SPSS version 20 was applied for data analysis for (frequency, mean and stan ­dard deviation). Comparisons between groups were made using the Fisher Exact test. P Results: The results showed that out of the 478 students tested, two were positive for HBsAg, giving an overall prevalence rate of 0.41%. The prevalence of hepatitis B among males and females was o.6% and 0.0% respectively. It was shown that one of the positive cases was in the college of Medicine and the other was in the college of Medical laboratories. Conclusion: The prevalence of hepatitis B among medical students of Majmaah University is low. The disease, which was reported among the males only, was found in the colleges of Medicine and Medical Laboratories. INTRODUCTION Approximately 350 million people are infected by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) globally. A large number become positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  Ag) but they remain asymptomatic. They are known as silent carriers of HBV [1, 2] and may act as a source of transmission of hepatitis B. In high and moderate prevalence zones of HBV, like South Asia and the Middle East, many silent carriers are young people [3, 4]. The prevalence of HBV has declined considerably in Saudi Arabia since the introduction of immunization in 1989. According to one study, it fell from 7% in 1989 to 0.3% in 1997 [4]. A study 8 years after the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination reported seroconversion of 77% in children vaccinated at birth and 71% in those vaccinated at school entry [5]. Jaber reported in 2006 [6] that 98% of schoolchildren in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia were covered by HBV vaccination; however 14% of students tested negative for anti-HBs antibodies, suggesting that the efficacy of HBV vaccination is diminishing with increasing age [6]. It has been reported that the prevalence of HBV among blood donors in Saudi Arabia decreased from 2.7% in 1993 to 0.28% in 2003 [5,6,7]. HBV immunization is now part of the national routine immunization program for children in Saudi Arabia. HBV immunization in medical students and health workers in Saudi Arabia is recommended but not strictly enforced. As a result, individuals at high risk like healthcare workers and medical students have low immunization rates. Therefore, HBV remains an occupational risk to which healthcare workers and medical students are exposed while at work [8]. Determining the prevalence of HBV infection in the medical, dentistry and applied medical students is important in planning for any intervention to control this infection among them. Furthermore, the information obtained may be used in a wider sense to create awareness among all categories of healthcare workers about the magnitude of the risk of contracting or transmitting HBV in the workplace. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B among the medical, dentistry and applied medical students of Majmaah University and to compare the prevalence rates of hepatitis B between the students in the different collages and social factors. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among medical, dentistry and applied medical students in Majmaah University over a period of 16 months (from May 2013 to August 2014). The study population was the students of Majmaah University from collage of Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing and Medical Laboratories. Students from all levels and both sexes were enrolled in this study. Total enumeration of 478 students was done. A structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic data. The selected students underwent a blood test to detect HBsAg. The test was conducted in King Khaled Hospital in Majmaah. The assay used is a one-step enzyme immunoassay based on the principle of the sandwich type using monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies selected for their ability to bind themselves to the various subtypes of HBs Ag, recognized by the WHO and the most part of variant HBV strains. SPSS version 20 was applied for data analysis for (frequency, mean and stan ­dard deviation). Comparisons between groups were made using the Fisher Exact. P Participation was completely voluntary and students who tested positive for HBsAg were counseled in the counseling center, King Khaled Hospital. Measures to prevent exposure and the need to get vaccinated against Hepatitis B as soon as possible was explained to them. RESULTS: There were 150 females and 328 males, giving a female to male ratio of 1:1.4. Out of the 478 students tested, 2.0 were positive for HBsAg, giving an overall prevalence rate of 0.41% as shown intable (1). Regarding age of the students the range was similar ranging from 18 to 20 years. Table (2) shows the prevalence of hepatitis B among students of different collages. It was shown that the two positive cases were in the college of Medicine and the college of Medical laboratories. Table (1) Relation between hepatitis B and gender Table (2) Hepatitis B among students of different collages Discussion: The prevalence rate of hepatitis B among the students, shown as positive HBsAg was 0.41%. Lule found the HBsAg carrier rate of 18% among medical students in Kenyatta National Hospital[9]. In Nigeria, Olubuyide found the hepatitis B as 39.0% among doctors and dentists compared to the national average of 20.0% [10]. There was no significant difference in the HBsAg carrier rates between pre-clinical and clinical students and yet the latter were more exposed to hepatitis B. Similar findings were observed by Khurana. in Maulana Azad Medical College-New Delhi, India[11]. It is possible that most of the clinical students were healthy and fought off the hepatitis B infection despite being more exposed. It is known that spontaneous recovery after acute infection with HBV occurs in 95–99% of previously healthy adults [12].It is also possible that some students might have got occult HBV infection. This could only be revealed by performing highly sensitive molecular techniques which would show persistence of HBV genomes in HBsAg negative individuals[13]. The magnitude of occult HBV infection was not assessed in the study. This rate was also lower compared with the prevalence of 1% found in less than 20 years old persons after 10 years of introduction of extended program of immunization in Saudi Ara bia [14]. The rate of hepatitis B was also higher than the prevalence among male medical students of 0.17% and higher than the prevalence among the females (0.78%) in the same study which was conducted among students of health colleges in different part of Saudi Arabia[1]. The findings of this study were within the range of prevalence from 0.03% to 0.72% among the general public in different parts of the kingdom [15]. The findings of this study showed that the two positive cases of hepatitis B were males, no positivity among females. In comparing hepatitis B with gender by applying the Fisher Exact test, the relation is not significant (p= 1.00). When seroprevalence rates of hepatitis B was compared between students from different collages in the university by applying the Fisher Exact test, the difference was not statistically significant ( p=0,340). CONCLUSION The prevalence of hepatitis B among medical, dentistry and applied medical students of Majmaah University is low. The prevalence was low among the males and not reported among the females. The disease was observed among the male students of the college of Medicine and the college of Medical Lavatories. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are very grateful to the Dean of college of Medicine, dean of college of dentistry and the dean of Applied Medical Sciences for permission and support to carry out this study. We would also like to thank the administration of Medical Services of Majmaah University and the administration of King Khalid General Hospital in Majmaah for their support. Our thanks extend to the students who kindly accepted to participate in the study. REFERENCES Al-Ajlan A. Riyadh College of Health Sciences (Men), King saud University EMHJ. 2011; 17(9): 759-762. Tong S et al. Hepatitis B virus antigen variants. International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2005; 2:2–7. Chaudhuri SK. HBsAg positivity rate among voluntary replacement donors in the IRCS blood bank. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology, 1999, 18:S21 [abstract]. FitzSimons D et al. Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and other blood-borne infections in healthcare workers: guidelines for prevention and management in industrialized countries. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2008; 65:446–451. Al-Faleh FZ. Changing pattern of hepatitis viral infection in Saudi Arabia in the last two decades. Annals of Saudi Medicine. 2003; 23:367–371. Shatoor AS, Zafer MH. Hepatitis B virus markers in male blood donors. Bahrain Medical Bulletin. 2002; 24:1–6. El-Hazmi MM. Prevalence of HBV, HCV, HIV-1, 2 and HTLV-I/II infections among blood donors in a teaching hospital in the Central region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal. 2004; 25:26–33. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among Makerere University medical students, Afr Health Sci. Jun 2005; 5(2): 93–98. Lule G N, Okoth F, Ogutu E O, Mwai S J. HBV markers (HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs) among 160 medical students at Kenyatta National Hospital.East Afr Med J.1989; 66(5):315–318.[PubMed] Olubuyide I O, Ola S O, Aliyu B, Dosumu O O, Arotiba J T, Olaleye O A, et al. Prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis B and C infections among doctors and dentists in Nigeria.East Afr Med J.1997;74:357–361.[PubMed] Khurana V, Kar P, Mansharamani N, Jain V, Kanodia A. Differences in hepatitis B markers between clinical and pre-clinical healthcare personnel.Trop Gastroenterol.1997;18(2):69–71.[PubMed] Heathcote J, Elawaut A, Fedail S, et al., editors.Management of Acute viral hepatitis:http//www.omge.org.2003. Dec, OMGE Practice guidelines. Raimondo G, Pollicino J, Squadrito G. What is the clinical impact of occult hepatitis B virus infection?Lancet.2005;365:638–639.[PubMed] F. Aba Al-khail. Hepatitis B Al Riyadh newspaper December 2012. 155508 From: www.alriyadh.com/2010/12/09/article583595.html Madani TA. Trend in incidence of hepatitis B virus infection during a decade of universal childhood hepatitis B vaccination in Saudi Arabia.Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg.2007;101:278–83.[PubMed]

Frado in Harriet E. Wilsons, Our Nig Essay examples -- Harriet E. Wil

Frado in Harriet E. Wilson's, Our Nig In Harriet E. Wilson’s only known work, Our Nig; Or, Sketches from the Life of a Free Black, I read about a young black girl who grows up as an indentured servant to a large Bellmont family. In the readings I read, the young girl has three names: Alfrado, Frado and Nig. In this essay, I’ll refer to her as Frado. Although Our Nig is an actual fictitious novel, our literature book only gives us three chapters. Each of these small chapters tells us a great story. In Chapter IV â€Å"A Friend for Nig†, we learn what Bellmont family members are Frado’s friends and what member despises her. Our readings didn’t start from the beginning of the novel, we didn’t get a proper introduction to the characters. Instead, you have to catch on as you read. Mrs. Bellmont is married to Mr. John Bellmont. They have four children: James, Jack, Jane, and Mary. Aunt Abby is Mr. Bellmont’s sister, but Mrs. Bellmont calls her Nab. Finally, the family dog is Fido. Confused? Well, I hope I got it right. Fido, the dog we know is a friend to Frado. He may not say anyt...

Polar Bears :: essays research papers fc

Polar Bear is the name for a white bear found on the icy sea of the Arctic throughout the North Polar basin. Being the only bear considered being marine, it is longer than other bears and streamlined for aquatic life. It has the â€Å"plantigrade† feet (heel and sole touching the ground) which are typical in all bears, with five sharp, claws on each foot for grasping at the ice and holding its prey. Long hair between the pads protects the bear's feet from the cold and provides traction on the ice so he doesn’t slip. Hard hairs on the forelegs, and very wide front feet, help the bear swim. All polar bears are white, although their fur may yellow in the summer because of the fat from animals it kills. The largest wild bears ever weighed—were more than 800 kg (which is more than 1800 lb)—have been polar bears. However, most male polar bears weigh an average of about 350 kg (about 880 lb), and most females weigh about 250 kg (550 lb). Polar bears have a strong navigational sense, an extremely good sense of smell, and they are extremely good at solving problems in order to obtain food. They eat primarily ringed seals, and sometimes they also enjoy bearded seals, walruses, or even white whales. They also feed on berries, sedges, mussels, and kelp when they have no other food sources left. As with other â€Å"true† bears, polar-bear mothers and young create strong bonds. The young cubs are very small when they are born: about 1 kg (about 2.2 lb). Their eyes remain closed for about 40 days and they must be fed every few hours. The mother keeps them close to make sure that they stay warm. Except during the breeding season, male polar bears are solitary and walk over vast amounts of sea ice while hunting. During the breeding season (which is from May to June), the males fight nonstop over females. Both the male and female may mate with other individuals as well.

Client-Server Networking Essay

What I can think of to return the computer to an operational state is troubling a video problem. It maybe relating to the graphic card and the program that may run with it. The graphics adapter may either be corrupted or installed wrong under a different version. For example if the graphic is supposed to be run on a x64 based window 7 instead of a x86 version. Making sure that your video card must have a display driver installed in order to do anything but the most basic drawing to the screen. If you’re having any problems with your video card, one of the first things you should do is download the latest display driver, uninstall the current display driver, and then install the new driver you downloaded. This could help with any other problems that may have occurred. Another thing to remember is to uninstall your current display driver before installing one. If you don’t uninstall first then you can sometimes cause some pretty obscure problems. Another potential problem solver is to try another monitor that can handle the screen resolution.

Fascist Ideology- Norsefire and the Nazi Party Essay

Question One.What were the ideologies of the Nazi fellowship and the Norsefire troupe portrayed in V for vendetta? Nazi ideology or Nazism was the ideology developed by Adolf Hitler and other prominent Nazis in Ger galore(postnominal). in that respect were some existing ideologies that influenced Nazism much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Fascism and populationalism, barely Nazism was a unique ideology in many panaches. It combined many ideas, set and morals that were key to Hitlers vision of Germany, such(prenominal) as Lebensraum, the Fuhrer and Autarky. These core elements of the Nazi g oernment activity show unrivalled-man rule, Nationalism, Militarism and Expansionism (Llewellyn, 2014). The idea of having the Fuhrer, which was the title presumptuousness to Hitler, showed the idea of an each force-outful attr action mechanism and knockout government. This was key to Nazism and the Fuhrer was condition solely governmental place. Democracy was as well elimina ted from Nazi Germany, with all other semipolitical parties macrocosm disbanded. The Nazis had all the authority in Germany with the creation of specialised jurisprudence groups such as the Gestapo, who as well as had a raft of power.Lebensraum and Autarky showed the intense Nationalism and Expansionism of the Nazi party. Combined, the policies show the Nazi beliefs that all Germans should have living space by expanding into non German countries and that Germany should be completely egotism sufficient. These policies also highlight the extreme racial discrimination which was a key element in Nazism. The idea that Aryans were the master race and minorities were subhuman and were sent to concentration camps. Nazism nevertheless was about sleep withn for its Totalitarianism which allowed the Nazis to domination all aspects of German society. The ideology of the Norsefire Party is similar to Nazism in many ways with similar ideas and values being present in both parties. The attractor of the Norsefire Party, Adam Susan, is referred to as Leader, similar to Hitlers use of Fuhrer. The Norsefire Partys primary(prenominal) policies were complete control of the media, extensive own(prenominal) surveillance and elimination of minorities.Traditional values, Authoritarianism and Nationalism are a capacious part of the Norsefire Parties ideology and are shown in these policies. The Norsefire party run several departments the riff which is the secret police, the Nose which is the regular police force, the Eye which is thesurveillance department, the Mouth which is in charge of propaganda and the Head which is the Leaders supply and controls the whole body. The Norsefire party utilise each department to achieve contribute control of the British concourse. Traditional values are also very alpha to the Norsefire party. Concentration camps were established and anyone who wasnt white, hetrosexual and Christian was prosecuted. This showed the desire for a tra ditional England, and also made it easier to control the population. Like the Nazi party, Norsefire displayed extreme Totalitarianism, which gave them a lot of power over the British heap.Question Two.What were the pressures from which these ideologies emerged? in that location were a lot of pressures in Germany at the time of the try out of the Nazi party that contributed to their success. It is likely that they also influenced Nazism and the fence behind Hitlers vision of Germany. In V for Vendetta the pressures were similar to that of Germany at the time, and the pressures also contributed to the ideology. After WW1 Germany was in disarray. The Weimar country had just written a realizeup and had a vision to reconcile Germany a democratic re earthly concern. In fact it was the most democratic political system of its time. just the system wasnt suitable for the problems it had to bear on with. From the Treaty of Versailles to the struggle between Spartacists (local commun ists) and Freikorps (nationalist ex soldiers), there were endless challenges for the government (Llewellyn, 2014). With the impertinently political system in go down the government found it hard to oppose quickly to the nations problems.Further more the Reichstag became modify with small political parties and instead of the fateful leadership that the public craved Germany had 15 dissimilar chancellors, all with different political views. Money was also a huge problem in Germany at the time with the Great Depression of 1929. These political and social problems gave the Nazi party all the power they needed to imply over the vulnerable Germany. With their promises of a united and strong Germany, the Nazis were incisively what the German people public opinion they needed. In V for Vendetta, the world is in madhouse. A worldwide nuclear struggle narrowly avoided Britain, however it had huge impacts on the environment and Britains relationships with other countries. British l and became infertile and as a result the economyplummeted.This resulted in arch riots and the government collapsed leaving the nation in mass chaos. These problems with Britain and the world gave the Norsefire party a perfect opportunity to rise up and take control of Britain. Their ultra chasten wing policies seemed inviting to people who were sick of chaos and economic instability. In a way the pressures surrounding these parties let them strengthen their ideologies and make their policies more forceful. This was because the public supported them and wanted more stability in their lives. Of anatomy many people did non know the extent of the parties ideologies, which gave the parties another advantage over the public. By having the peoples vote but not their awareness, the Norsefire and Nazi party had the freedom to take control and cement their power.Question Three.How does the following quote from V for Vendetta muse the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany? Weve had a string of embezzlers, frauds, liars and lunatics making a string of catastrophic decisions. This is plain fact. exactly who elected them? It was you You who appointed these people You who gave them the power to make your decisions for you. You have encouraged these poisonous incompetents, who have made your working carriage a shambles. You have without question authentic their senseless orders. You could have stopped them. wholly you had to say was no. (Moore, 2005 pg116-117)I turn over that this quote is highly relevant to the rise of the Nazi party because at no point was there any nation wide opposition to the Nazis and their regime, even subsequently massacres and other cases of forcefulness towards members of the public. If there had of been nationally opposition to the Nazis once the public had leaven of the true intentions of the Nazi Party, the world would be a completely different place. erst the Nazis were elected into government they started committing acts of extreme violence and murder. One of the notable massacres was Kristallnacht which took place on November 9 and 10 in 1938. nonionic by the Nazis, over 91 Judaic people were murdered and 30,000 were incarcerated (United States Holocaust narration Council, 2013).German authorities watched on doing postcode while countless Jewish shops, houses and synagogues were destruct by Nazis and members ofthe public. Most members of the German public expressed disapproval against the severity of Kristallnacht however no protests or further action took place. Even after the nation was given a reason to express their sorrowfulness no movements were made. It was almost as if it was ignored. This vol backsideic eruption of hate fueled violence by the government showed their true nature and foreshadowed exactly how far they would go. This quote from V for Vendetta explores the idea that the power government has can be taken away by just saying no. besides that people must think for themselves and not let a government make giving or unfair decisions on their behalf. There have been countless cases of nations overthrowing bad governments throughout history such as the French Revolution, that show how possible it is. If the German people had united as one against the appalling violence and discrimination, I mean that they could have overthrown the Nazi government, as signalled in the quote. By saying that a people have the power to remove a bad government, this quote also makes those people responsible for not acting. So that the turn on for a bad government must ultimately sit with the people who did slide fastener to stop the wrongs committed in their name.BibliographyMoore, Alan, and David Lloyd. Chapter 4 A Vocational Viewpoint. V for Vendetta. modern York Vertigo/DC Comics, 2005. 116-17. Print.Llewellyn, Jennifer. Nazi Ideology. important History Nazi Germany. Alpha History, n.d. Web. 05 may 2014.Llewellyn, Jennifer. Weimar Germany Alpha History. Weimar Germany. Alpha History, n.d. Web. 07 May 2014.Nazi Beliefs. GCSE Bitesize. BBC, n.d. Web. 08 May 2014.Norsefire. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 05 July 2013. Web. 08 May 2014.Kristallnacht A across the country Pogrom, November 910, 1938. United States Holocaust commemoration Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, 10 June 2013. Web. 08 May 2014.